![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
GROENMAN, A. P., Oosterlaan, J., Rommelse, N. J., Franke, B., Roeyers, H., Oades, R. D., Sergeant, J. A., Buitelaar, J. K., Faraone, S. V., Substance Use Disorders in Adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Four-Year Follow-up Study. Addiction, 108, 1503-1511. [Request a copy] .....View Article Introduction: Our aim was to examine the relationship between a childhood diagnosis of ADHD with or without ODD/CD (oppositional defiant/conduct disorder) and the development of later alcohol/drug use disorder (psychoactive substance use disorder - PSUD) and nicotine dependence in a large European sample of ADHD probands, their siblings and healthy control subjects. Methods: There were
1017 subjects who were part of the Belgian, Dutch and
German part of the International Multicenter ADHD Genetics (IMAGE) study.
IMAGE families were identified through ADHD probands aged 5-15 years
attending outpatient clinics, and control subjects from the same geographic
areas. After a follow-up period (mean: 4.4 years) this sub-sample was
reassessed at a mean age of 16.4 years. Results: 2 - The rates of these disorders were highest for ADHD youth who also had conduct disorder, but could not be accounted for by this comorbidity. 3 - We did not find an increased risk of developing PSUD (HR=1.18, 95%CI= .62-2.27) or nicotine dependence (HR=1.89, 95%CI=.46-7.77) among unaffected siblings of ADHD youth. Discussion: This study provided further evidence that ADHD is a risk factor for PSUD and nicotine dependence, and that ADHD with comorbid CD, but not ODD, further increases the risk of developing PSUD. |